Structure And Culture Ikea And Lego Commerce Essay

Structure And Culture Ikea And Lego Commerce Essay In this assignment I am meant to be working for an organization holding a trainee management consultant and at the end of my training I have to submit a report. My report will be about two private organizations where I discuss their structure and culture, how it affects the business performance. I also need to research how each company deals with their employees and problems faced with employees. An important figure is picked for each company and have discussed the leadership style used by both. In addition I explore the classical approaches which are being used in the companys and the different techniques to management used by each organization. In my PowerPoint presentation, I offer a consultation to my client organization on motivational theories and effective teamwork. Acknowledgement I Sayarah Saleem confirm and acknowledge the fact that this assignment was done by me alone. I have researched and studied the tasks given and have given the references from where I have obtained the information. Executive Summary The two private organizations that I have chosen are IKEA and LEGO in my report because I think its they are good examples of describing the structure and culture of each organization. They are both different in their own way , with how they deal with employee issues and how the organization is run. One is family oriented and the other , which got an outsider as a CEO in 2004 in order to change the company around. Table of Contents Task 1 1.Report 1.1 Analyze the structure and culture if the two organizations. In your analysis you have to engage in a comparison and contrasting of their structure and culture. 1.2 Further clearly evaluate how the structure of each company supports its culture and how this relationship effects business performance. 1.3 Explore and state what each company does in order to identify and solve employee behavioral problems. 2. Understand different approaches to management and leadership. 2.1 Select a prominent figure one from each company and compare the effectiveness of their leadership styles. 2.2 How to the two companies practice the classical approach to management. 2.3 Evaluate the different approaches to management used by the two organizations. In discussing your answer you have to use your knowledge on contingency approach to management. Task 2 Presentation References Bibliography Task 1 Task 1:Report Understand the relationship between organizational structure and culture IKEA LEGO 1.1 Lego began in the early 1930s by a gentleman named Ole Kirk Kristiansen and till date kept with the family, passed on by generation to the next generation. Lego has been named twice the toy of the century and has maintained the toy, the building brick. The organizational structure that Lego uses which best suits them is the functional structure, this structure is most widely used by companies. Basically the company has different departments to which they have delegated people to, and heads of that department according to the function. Some of these departments are Sales, Accounts, product development etc. Using this structure allows them to show the pyramid of hierarchy. It gives a clear view of the organizational chart and who are at the highest rank. Lego being based in so many countries uses a divisional structure which consists of three segments, and these are market, product and geographical. The other company which I have chosen to analyze is IKEA. IKEA was founded in 1943 by Ingvar Kamprad . IKEA is the worlds biggest furniture company that concentrates on innovative, fashionable furniture at inexpensive prices. Mr. Kamprad didnt want any normal organizational structure for the company, instead he formed a complex system of foundations, holding companies and trusts. The companys structure then divided into three for each of his son. The reason he did this was to prevent taxs and also to make sure that the company would not be divided due to family dispute. In actual fact IKEA is being held by a foundation which has a group under them that controls the companies that runs IKEAs individual operations. Between the two companies it is evident that while one has a typical corporate structure , the other is so committed in creating equality amongst the family and a fool proof method to ensure that the company will not be divided in the future. 1.2 The same way that Ikea has created their organizational structure they have also supported the company culture by sharing that they not just want to hire people but have a chance of bringing in unique individuals to share the same values of the company. To make them feel as they are all associates in the company. Not only does IKEA evaluate the person based on skills and expertise but also if they have the same culture as IKEA themselves. The assumption is that skills are easier to develop than personality traits, attitudes and values This in return promises happier employees who feel as if they are working for their own. Employees who like, themselves want to buy furniture, take it home and assemble at home will also make the customers feel the same. Lego on the other hand concentrated on their Danish values of hard work , modesty and teamwork. They look after their employees with respect and high standards, also incorporating global principles for those working overseas. Lego has always been strict about following all laws, rules and regulations in the countries they are in. Their employees in return offer their company which is so largely respected , great service, hard work and offer nothing but the best to their customers. 1.3 There are several different leadership methods which companies take on, IKEA however have not confined themselves to one particular method, instead taken the best parts of each method and combined their own. There is the Autocratic style, which is the basic team and supervisor style, Democratic , which allows the employee to think and make decisions on behalf of the company. Laissez Faire , where employees are given few guidelines and limits to carry out activities , which gives them freedom but may result in less productive work. Consultative is like the democratic style, very alike. Finally we have paternalistic where the manager , supervisor has tough ideas where he will require input and ideas for developing the business from the employees. By doing this IKEA has been able to avoid large scale employee behavioral problems. This is not to say that they dont have employees who have been disappointed either by not keeping their promise on pay raises and not even considering thei r opinions. IWAY which is IKEAs code of conduct, assures their employees the right to organize and order all overtime be voluntary. They also ensure wages are paid on time and not be withheld. Employees are entitled to medical, social insurance and pension. This way IKEA allows their co-workers their freedom and benefit all legal rights. IKEA hires a law firm called Jackson Lewis to encourage workers to attend meetings in order to discourage unions. One of Legos important rules was to maintain employees safety, therefore they set a goal to reach the top ten safe places to work for employees by 2015. Their main concern was to improve and maintain the work-life balance; this is basically to retain the employees motivation and satisfaction with their position at Lego. Lego has their system of flexible work hours, work from home option which are all ideal mainly for a working mother has made themselves enter Working Mother Magazine 100 best companies list . Lego involve themselves in providing wellness programs and leave entitlement for the mother up to 26 weeks of leave with their job assured of. Families looking to adopt are entitled to $5000 and fertility treatments are fully covered. Task 2 2.1 Lego Jorgen Vig Knudstorp is a leading and most prominent figure at lego, he has had the most challenging role of having revive Lego as the company had taken a turn for the worst. Mr. Knudstorp knew that in order to change things around he needed to be trusted and relied on. Doing so Mr. Knudstorp would be able to incorporate new methods to revive Lego from its low. He was an intelligent man to believe that for things to be done he needed to managing at eye level which meant liaising with the production workers, engineers , discussing to reduce sales declining with the sales and marketing department. Jorgen Vig Knudstorp reminded the management that they were there to maximize the firms value, this would be identififying why till date the lego group exists. He wanted their to be a less strict structure and a more free management style from the bottom to the top, empowering employees to make decisions at all levels. Jorgen Vig Knudstorp used the strategic leadership style, this which made employees share values,visons and goals, strengthening them to make decisions with minimum monitoring. It is defined that a strategic leader persuades for change and looks for new ways ideas, and improvement to better the company in order to allow the company to move onward. IKEA Ingvar Kamprad the founder of ikea, being a school dropout and began making furniture at the age of 17 uses the democratic style of leadership to run his company. Mr. Kamprad encouraged parallel management so that each can manage their purpose effectively. The reason for this same level management was so that employees opinion and feedback will help them feel like they are required in the company. This in return makes the employees want to work harder and feel as if they are working for their own. Mr. Kamprad however did have many things under his control like the financial details and of the companys structure. He encouraged his employees to work hard with stern business beliefs however to still have fun whilst working for IKEA, he preferred giving guidelines, showing methods of how things should be done instead of revealing authority and giving out orders. 2.2 Since the classical approach is purely based on acknowledging the idea that only the economical and physical needs of the employee are important and that their personal life and job satisfaction are irrelevant, Lego however believes strongly in allowing their employees to work freely within the organization. It is a place where all share the same value, of empowering children to learn. Lego wanted to strive to be the best toy company instead of being the biggest. The classical approach includes scientific, administrative and bureaucratic management. The scientific management theory was developed by Frederik Taylor (1856-1915). This theory had 4 steps, firstly by sorting the job into smaller pieces, then to pick the most capable employees to perform the job and train them, finally supervisors are used to monitor them. This theory came about at the time that organizations were large and industrialized to increase productivity to its maximum. Henri Fayol ( 1841-1925) developed a fourteen principles of management. These principles were: Division of Labor: to increase production and quality through specialization Authority and Responsibility: Where authority is shown, responsibility must be given and this works both ways. Discipline; Respect and order for the agreements between the company and their workers. Line of Authority: Clear view of the company hierarchy Centralization: Authority is given only to the highest in command. Unity of Direction: All are on the same track to lead the organization. Unity of command: Employee receives instructions from only one supervisor/manager. Order: Every employee is placed where they would contribute the most. Initiative: Creating action plans and carrying it out. Equity: Take care of all employees fairly with respect. Remuneration of personnel: Payment of salaries to employees accordingly. Stability of Tenure: to provide long term employment. General interest over individual interest: the companys priority will be before the employees. Esprit de corps: Harmony of the employees brings a strong union. Mr. Kamprad of IKEA believed that the workplace should be like everyday life, being free and at ease, instead wearing formal work attire, addressing colleagues in a personal manner. The company arranges once a year for at least week for the managers to work in the showrooms and warehouses. New ideas and innovations were always welcome at IKEA, the employees were always encouraged to come up with creative solutions. How did the concept of customers picking up their purchases arise? This is when they realized in order to cost cut and provide quick service, to engage in customers in self-selection. The customers choose their items, write them down and go down to the warehouse to collect their items. IKEA has a mission of spreading the companies philosophies and practices throughout the organization by assigning IKEA ambassadors that had been specifically trained and placed strategically within the company. They would in turn train their subordinates and act as role models. In my report it is evident that both IKEA and Lego do not have a strict list of management procedures which have brought them to where they are today. Bearing in mind that in 2004, when Lego CEO Jorgen Vig Knudstorp joined the organization he needed to save the company from the dire state that it was in. This required that whichever practices that were taking place needed to be evaluated and changed in order to revive the company. IKEA being a family oriented company, is not particularly head by the founders sons. Instead created a holdings company that managed the IKEA organization which was run by Mr. Kamprads sons. By studying and researching both companies it is safe to say that there is no exact approach to management followed by each. The contingency approach also known as situational approach supports the thought that there is no one best way to management. Each organization just like humans and conditions can change and differ from time to time. Therefore by studying the current situation of the organization, will the management of the company know what practices to enforce. Management had to think of environmental factors, for example weather, technology that could alter the organizations productivity.

Theme of Power in Harold Pinters The Homecoming :: Harold Pinter Homecoming Essays

The Theme of Power in The Homecoming Author: Sarah Marchant In Harold Pinter's "The Homecoming" one of the important themes is power. Many of the characters try to exert power. Many of the characters try to exert power over others through various means such as sexuality and intelligence. The use of violence within the household is believed by the men to be the most important tool of power. However, when Ruth, the only woman in the play, enters, she appears to defeat the men's power, but not with violence. Her sexuality and apparent intelligence become part of the way in which she takes control of the house. Power itself is the ability to take control and exert authority over others. Violence is a physical form of this. It usually takes the form of a display of force and this could be an unjust or even unlawful action. There could be a use of violent language or an element of threatened violence. However, the degree of power this holds is determined by the reaction of those threatened, or whether or not anything comes of the threat. Teddy introduces his wife, Ruth, into his childhood home that is a scene of tense threats and reports of violence - both sexual and physical. As soon as the play begins there is conflict between Lenny and his father, Max. Having been insulted by Lenny, Max threatens him with his stick, saying "Don't you talk to me like that. I'm warning you". However, nothing comes of this threat. The only element of power that can be inferred comes from the way in which Lenny makes no response. Perhaps he has previous experience of Max's anger, or it could be that both parties know that there is no point in pursuing the matter. The power that is expected to come with a threat is non-existent in this household as the threats are well-worn and always empty. Max demands that Teddy and Ruth leave his house, yet by the end of the play, he is sobbing and yearning for attention from Ruth. The insults and derogatory terms used within the family are not so much an element of power as a way of life. As there is no real mother figure within the household, the men have lapsed into a way of life in which they can show no affection to each other. Instead they insult each other in ways usually reserved for women: "bitch" and "slag".

Fast Food Nation Essay

Summary: All Americans effect the huge growth of fast food but adolescents play even more of a vital role in than the average consumer. Not only do teenagers consume fast food, but they work for it and steal from it because they are attracted to it the most. The fast food industry provides the easiest way for young people to get started and continue to succeed in our â€Å"Fast Food Nation. † Our country loves fast food, there is speedy service with cheap tasty food in over one million restaurants world wide. Though we all love it, we do not like the stories behind it. In 2004, Americans spent over 110 billion dollars on fast food, that’s more than higher education, computers, computer software and new cars combined (Scholosser, 3). Teenagers provide a huge role in the fast food industry. Teenagers work at these restaurants, eat at these restaurants, are objects of advertisements by these restaurants and steal from these restaurants more than any other age group. Ever since the age of three more than 75 percent of American children can recognize the face of Ronald McDonald. Since our nation is currently being raised around fast food it is only inevitable that as children grow, they only become more of a part of it everyday. The average American child begins to work around the age of 16 doing low wage low labor jobs. At anytime a teenager can walk into any fast food restaurant and apply for a job. Fast food restaurants prefer to employ teenagers because they are easily trained, less expensive to tend to than adults and are easier to control. Also since most teenagers still live at home they can afford to work for wages too low to even support an adult. â€Å"No other industry in the United States had a workforce so dominated by adolescents. About two-thirds of the nations fast food workers are under the age of twenty† (Scholosser, 68). Working in McDonalds is not difficult, but just tedious and long. Since most fast food restaurants are run my machines, it is up to these 17 year-old employs to push buttons and say commands. All Burger King wants is for things to get done faster, not how much effort is put into work, so teenagers feel working at Taco Bell or KFC won’t be as difficult as it will a strain. Any teenager working behind the counter at any fast food restaurant is given less respect than animals at the pet store. .†.. she hates the job and is desperate to quit. Working at the counter she has to deal with rude remarks and complaints. She is often yelled at by strangers angry that their foods taking to long or that something is wrong with their order. One elderly woman threw a hamburger at her because there was too much mustard on it† (Scholosser, 81). Though rudeness is a downside to a fast food job, there are perks for kids who do not need a lot. Many of the 200 dollar a week salary is used for teenage spending; clothes, nights out, cars and other desirable things. Teenagers run and continue the fast food work force every day, not because they have to but because it’s the best option available to them. Though we may not like the way the food is cooked or served; the way it tastes is still great. McDonalds makes a huge profit off of everything; soda fries and sandwiches all profit so largely, and teenagers are one of the most popular customers. A medium soda in McDonalds is $1. 29, it cost McDonalds $4. 25 per gallon of soda syrup, only about 9 cents worth of syrup is used in a medium drink, giving McDonalds almost a 95% profit. Soda consumption among teenagers has doubled within the past 20 years, reaching an average of twelve ounces of soda a day per child. (Scholosser, 54). With French fries McDonalds buy them frozen for 30 cents a pound, then sells them reheated in oil for 6 dollars a pound, pure profit pulled from the hands of teenagers. McDonalds makes billions upon billions of dollars annually by selling things for such a low price but really making the largest profit possible. Recently, fast food restaurants have become more attractive to armed robbers than a clothing store or gas station. Since fast food industries do almost all of their business in cash, others rely on credit card transactions. Robbery in fast food chains is not uncommon at all, even when most of it happens by their own employees, underage teenagers who are desperate for money. Though most of these robberies occur early in the morning or late at night when few people are working. â€Å"The typical employee stole about $218 a year and according to industry studies, about two thirds of the robberies at fast food restaurants involve current or former employees. † (Scholosser, 84). Employees have low pay, high turnover and know the restaurant, why not steal? McDonalds is already a billion dollar industry, many of the people think, its not going to hurt their business, they won’t even notice. However these robberies have led to deaths and injuries, and make teenagers realize what horrible conditions they are working in. All Americans effect the huge growth of fast food but adolescents play even more of a vital role in than the average consumer. Not only do teenagers consume fast food, but they work for it and steal from it because they are attracted to it the most. The fast food industry provides the easiest way for young people to get started and continue to succeed in our â€Å"Fast Food Nation. â€Å"

Kuwait Society For The Welfare Of The Disabled - 1670 Words

Kuwait Society for the Welfare of the Disabled charity provides services for all categories of people with disabilities in the State of Kuwait with complete free services. It is supported by Kuwaiti s government. It established in 1971 from a group of volunteers who believed it is their own duty to be next people with disabilities and support them to achieve their right in community were unable to accept them, and give them their rights as human. Kuwait Society for the Welfare of the Disabled tray to carry the burden for people with disabilities and their family, relieve them of their suffering. Also, Society for the Welfare of the Disabled assists people with disabilities to have their rights in education and training of their children and integrate them into society. Kuwait Society for the Welfare of the Disabled has many aims to serve the Kuwaiti s community and specific for people with disability. One of their main goals is providing heath and community care for children who cannot find anywhere else. Also, they provide clubs and institutions to assist people with special need to have special care, shelter, and guidance. Moreover, Kuwait Society for the Welfare of the Disabled prepares children with disabilities to be educated and trained, and provides family counseling to families of children with disabilities. In addition, Kuwait Society for the Welfare of the Disabled has been Cooperating and coordinating with government and private agencies to educate theShow MoreRelatedSocial Welfare Administration10174 Words   |  41 PagesSocial Welfare Administration Administrative arrangements for Social Welfare in India S.Rengasamy Madurai Institute of Social Sciences 2 S.Rengasamy. Social Welfare Administration. 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The End of Social Security Paper Checks

The U.S. Department of Treasury began phasing out paper Social Security checks and other federal benefit checks on May 1, 2011. It required anyone applying for Social Security checks and other federal benefits on and after that date to receive their payments electronically. Those who began receiving Social Security checks before May of 2011 have until March 1, 2013, to sign up for electronic payments, the Treasury Department announced. Those who dont sign up to have their Social Security checks direct-deposited by that date would receive their benefits through the Direct Express card program. Getting your Social Security or Supplemental Security Income payment by direct deposit or Direct Express is safer and more reliable, Michael J. Astrue, the commissioner of Social Security, said in announcing the change. Whos Impacted by End of Paper Checks The change applied to Social Security, Supplemental Security Income, Veterans Affairs benefits, and anyone who receives benefits from the Railroad Retirement Board, Office of Personnel Management and Department of Labor (Black Lung). You dont have to worry about your check being lost or stolen and your money is available immediately on your payment date, Astrue said. There is no need to wait for the mail to arrive. In 2010, more than 540,000 Social Security and Supplemental Security Income paper checks were reported lost or stolen and had to be replaced, the Treasury Department said. Savings from End of Paper Checks Phasing out paper Social Security checks entirely is expected to save taxpayers about $120 million every year, or more than $1 billion over 10 years. 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About Paper Social Security Checks The first monthly Social Security check was received by Ida Mae Fuller on Jan. 31, 1940, according to the Treasury Department. Since then about 165 million people have received Social Security benefits. The movement toward electronic payments has been steadily increasing, the Treasury Department said. By May of 2011, electronic payments made up more than three-quarters of all noncash payments nationwide. There were 5.7 billion fewer checks written in 2009 than in 2006, a decline of 6.1 percent per year - while electronic payments grew 9.3 percent during that same period. Among federal benefit recipients, about eight in 10 receive their Social Security check or other federal benefit payment electronically, according to the Treasury Department. What About Social Security Statements?   On January 9, 2017, the Social Security Administration also stopped mailing annual Social Security Statements to all workers under age 60. 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In addition, â€Å"my Social Security† can be used to request a replacement Social Security Card or check the status of an application, anytime. A â€Å"my Social Security† is free, secure, and easy to create at: https://www.ssa.gov/myaccount/.

Personality Analysis and the Study of Organizational Behavior

a. Introduction: Topic and why it was chosen Personality was chosen as the topic of research in the realm of organizational behavior because In order for managers to predict behavior, they must know the personalities of those who work for them, (Personality and Values, n.d.). Personality is also crucial to organizational behavior because the personality of individuals will impact quantitative measures such as productivity. Furthermore, the personality of the people working for an organization serves to shape and determine its organizational culture. The workplace environment can be a reflection of the personalities of the individuals working within it. If organizational behavior is defined as the study of what people think, feel, and do in and around organizations, then personality is central to that discussion (Rasmussen College, 2011). Personality factors into hiring and selection procedures, too. Psychologists have been studying behavior for decades, by using various qualitative and quantitative methods to assess individual behavior, traits, and beliefs. Quantitative methods allow organizations to predict behavior on specific pre-determined parameters and variables. The methods used in quantitative research on personality include tests such as the Myers-Briggs framework and the Big Five, both of which are commonly used in the business environment. Qualitative research on personality offers theoretical frameworks and abstract paradigms from which to analyze caseShow MoreRelatedUnderstanding Human Behavior1257 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Understanding Human Behavior: As a critical aspect for many organizations, the study of human behavior and the interactions between people and the organization is usually described as organizational behavior since its mainly geared towards understanding and forecasting human behavior. 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Historical Problems in the Book of Daniel free essay sample

Many questions have risen out of the book of Daniel and the Bible as a whole. Due to numerous issues, many historians consider Daniel a narrative rather than a historical document. This is despite its placement in the canon by the founding fathers. Among the many problems are dating, names, and the usage of Greek and Persian in a book that is otherwise Hebrew and Aramaic. Despite the fact that Daniel is considered a book written after the occurrence, even a forgery, critical thinking and research are necessary for proper understanding, as well as its proper placement in history. Rather than do extended research on the subject, it has been easier to give up and not search further for truth. This paper will aim to prove that not only was Daniel indeed a real man that wrote the book bearing his name but also that it is not a work of fiction; rather, a historical work completely inspired by God. It will further correlate the book with Babylonian history to find its place in the history of the world. It is the prayer of this author that the research found will also shine the same authenticity on the entire Word of God; as the genuinness and historicity of the Bible is at stake as well. For bible believers, there has to be an answer to this. Are people just to accept the book of Daniel without proof? Pure belief that the bible is true just is not enough to satisfy Daniel as fact. Finding the truth in Daniel is the master key in establishing the bible as truth. Known authenticating issues and anecdotes In deciding whether the book of Daniel is authentic, many scholars have approached some obstacles that have discouraged further study. Seemingly, there are those that do not want to claim Daniel historical because that would require validating the entire Bible, and ultimately, God. Many historians find it easier to claim the book to be a story and anything found within to have happened as something it is not. They claim anything that relates to what the prophecy looks like it could be, but not what it really is. This paper will start with the most serious historical problem of Darius the Mede. Belshazzar and Darius This is the most difficult issue in substantiating the book. Firstly, there is no Belshazzar as king of the time. As amazing as it is that a hand should appear without a body and write on a wall, there is no record outside of Daniel of its occurrence. Scholars have believed this a serious error that shifted the book away from being historical. Likewise, there is no Darius found in any document proving his existence. There are those that say, of course that he did not exist at all. To define who this is would be a major step in proving Daniel as truth. Daniel 5:30 and 31 tell us that Darius the Mede conquered Babylon. He killed Belshazzar who was king according to Daniel. The prophet goes on to say in the following chapter that Darius was king; however, neither is there mention of a Darius in the History books. Mid-20th century literature records these figures as myths. †¦the view that the chapter Dan 5 originated in the Maccabean period was thoroughly discreditable. † The Nebonides Chronicle sheds a lot of light on these issues. According to Dr Gary Yates, the Nebonides Chronicle states that Nebonides went to Tema to rest and Belshazzar ruled in his stead while gone. In accordance with Daniel’s Darius, the Bible records in other places that the king of Persia had a double name. â€Å"The identification of Cyrus the Persian king with Darius the Mede accords well with the prophecies of Isaiah (13:17) and Jeremiah (51:11, 28), who saw in the Medes the conquerors of Babylon. Famous people throughout the years have hidden or changed their names. People who sing, act and write books have had aliases for as far back as time can remember. Is it possible that the same thing occurs in the Bible? According to Wiseman, Kings and Queens have done the same. In fact, it was common practice; â€Å" the analogy of double royal names or titles, could with equal validity apply to other identifications, and perhaps with greater probability where Darius is equated with a person, such as Cyrus, otherwise to have held royal office. Further, the names given to Daniel (Belteshazzar) and Azariah (Abednego) are seemingly meaningless names that have given rise to the many questions of the book’s veracity; however, it also serves to betray the fictional nature that many scholars attribute to the book. This is a case of having the spellings changed because in Exodus the people were unable to utter the names of false gods. By changing those names, he was obeying the God of Israel not to give any honor to the gods of Babylon. Sometimes there are information gaps in history. There are omissions in the ancestry of kings and governors of Babylon and Persia. Wiseman tells us that, Xerxes (Esther) is one of the missing links in the record. Unlike the previous, Esther and Mordecai are not victims, but fall in this category because of the gap in the king’s record. Dates Just as people use multiple names, there are multiple ways of dating something. There is more than one way to tell time. Comparatively, there are different calendars for different cultures. Just like the Chinese, Muslims and Christians, the Jews have a calendar; in fact, in the 6th century BC. the Babylonians had a calendar. Actually over twenty such calendars today are oriented to either a culture or a religion. Considering the truth of multiple calendars and the advanced knowledge of the Babylonians, it is perhaps possible that Daniel adapted to the Babylonian calendar. It is apparent he did not forget the Ancient One, however, as a great statesman for the country appointed by Nebuchad nezzar and carried throughout his lifetime by every king that ruled the area, Daniel would also be quite knowledgeable himself. As part of his great knowledge, and position in the kingdom, it is quite understandable that he would use the same calendar as the king of the day. Not only were there multiple calendars, but the way that kingship years were calculated differed between cultures. One post-dated and the other ante-dated. In Babylon, they post-dated; meaning that the year a king ascends does not count toward their years; they reign. On the other hand, in Judaism, the year a king ascends counts as also his first year of reign. As an example, in post-dating, a king that served less than one year simply did not exist. Daniel is here using the Babylonian system of dating (postdating, allowing for separate ‘accession’ year) while Jeremiah (25:49; 46:2) follows the usual Palestinian-Jewish antedating (which ignores ‘accession-years’),54 there is no discrepancy. Onthe other hand, it has been argued that in Jeremiah 25:1 ‘the first year’ (has† s† a„na‚ ha„ro„sOEit °) may be interpreted as ‘the beginning year’ (i. e. accession) of Nebuchadrezzar and therefore in agreement with Jeremiah 46:2. Scholars have reconciled the dating of the book with known extrabiblical history. Understandably so, applying a date to a document written in exile would change based on the acquired calendar of the conquerors. Shea states, â€Å"Daniel 1:1 can be reconciled with this date by interpreting it according to the standard Judahite practices of accession year reckoning and their fall to fall calendar. † Others may not exist due to missing tablets or being stricken from the record. This would account for the differing entries between Jeremiah, Daniel, and other books of the bible. These are not errors, just differing opinions. There are scholars that have even gone as far as to try to place Daniel’s prophecy of the Seventy Weeks with Nehemiah leaving other works like the Revelation of John to stand out in the cold. Some of these same scholars believe Antiochus is the one spoken of in Chapter 11; correlating it with the books of the Maccabees. LaSor et. al. confirms this â€Å"†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢the abomination that makes desolate’ is assumed to be the desecration of the temple by Antiochus IV Epiphanes in 168 in v. 31† Language Some scholars feel the need to set the book in the 2nd century rather than the 6th century. This is due to the use of Greek and Persian â€Å"loan words† that should not have been known to a writer of an early date. The knowledge of the average 6th century writer would not include such words. â€Å"Driver argues that the number of Persian words in the book indicates a late date. † Contained in the Aramaic portion of the book, there are a few Greek words. The Greek words reference musical instruments. These too, cite a late date. There is no proper place given to the evidence of languages other than Aramaic and Hebrew in the 6th century. This all corroborates to the application of a later date. When based on the information as it stands, there is not enough to support an early date of 6 B. C. There is a need for more evidence to support any works earlier than 4 B. C. There is insufficient data as it stands. Babylon, known for great advancements, could have known numerous languages. When choosing nobles to pass down their knowledge, they chose the handsomest and most intelligent. Then the king instructed Ashpenaz, the master of his eunuchs, to bring some of the children of Israel and some of the king’s descendants and some of the nobles,  young men in whom there was  no blemish, but good-looking, gifted in all wisdom, possessing knowledge and quick to understand, who  had  ability to serve in the king’s palace, and whom they might teach the language and literature of the Chaldeans. K. A. Kitchen informs that the Greek words used were of musical instruments and known in the 8th century. This means that the Babylonians were familiar with Greek and Daniel’s knowledge enforces that he learned the language. He goes on to say that a lack of historicity in conjunction with these words is ignorant. There seems to be little or nothing original about the broad types of musical instrument indicated by the three words (lyre, double pipe, etc. ); similar instruments in these categories were already long known in the Ancient Near East, Mesopotamia included. † The extensive knowledge of the Babylonians supports the knowledge of Greek in Daniel 3 as do Mitchell and Joyce. In verses 5, 7, 10 and 15, Daniel discusses instruments using Greek words. It is apparent that with the change of a letter, a word in the Greek may have completely different meanings. Such being the case, it shows that a â€Å"loan word† may have started out long before another word. Using the example of sumponeya and symphonia this could certainly be the case. â€Å"†¦ hinted at by the textual confusion †¦ The adjective symphonous occurs in Hymni Homerici, ad Mercuriurn 51 (probably early sixth century BC) in a musical context, and it is not impossible that it is so used in Daniel to qualify the whole clause, signifying ‘in unison’. Babylon, due to its great intelligence, demonstrated such ability by gaining understanding of the language spoken by their captives. In consideration, some words would naturally carry over with no Babylonian equivalent. Validation of Canonicity In respect to whether it belongs as part of the canon has bearing on its historical value. It is necessary to decide if Daniel is a book of true history, inspired by God, proving internally true. The ability to cross-reference with other Godly inspired books give a ring of truth to the book making it acceptable to the final printed documents compiled. The knowledge which is displayed by the author of Babylonian culture, is ignored by its many critics. The book of Daniel was held in such high regard that even the Sanhedrin used it in the trial of Jesus because He applied the prophecy set forth in Daniel to himself. This confirms that the book of Daniel was widely accepted as genuine in that time. If the book was written by Judah Maccabaeus there were still those elders alive at the time of Christ, who actually knew Judas Maccabaeus, and therefore would have been aware of the forgery. Blasius tells us, â€Å" for many scholars it still remained questionable if or to which extent the numbers [in Daniel’s visions] characterize real historical facts or have to be taken symbolically. He goes on to say that for scholars to make an accurate division of truth from fiction is a predicament. There is a need to decide if the visions in Daniel are ex-eventu or not. The decision as to whether the events were recorded prior or after has great importance. Real future prophecies by the author like the death of Antiochus IV in Dan 7 and his third Egyptian expedition and death in Dan 11:40ff. (are of course beyond any historical criticism. ) The claim that Daniel came from the time of Antiochus Epiphanes would have put the writing in the middle of one of the most violent times of persecution of the Jews. It would have been difficult for anyone of Jewish faith to achieve any level of importance in his government. Antiochus did not hold the Jews in high regard like Nebu, who elevated many of the Jewish captives to high positions in his government. Although the beginning of chapter 11 possibly correlates to Antiochus IV Ephiphanes, the latter half of 11 totally refers to the antichrist. That said, the belief of conservative scholars is also true in that They also believe that the prophecy of seventy weeks in Daniel 9 can be shown to have predicted the precise date of Christs ministry. Ezekiel 14:14;Mt. 24:15; Lk. 21; The LXX placed Daniel after Ezekiel Last historical time post in Daniel, 10:1 he was more of a statesman than holder of prophetic office. The LXX, probably by the early II b. c. , included Daniel among the prophets Josephus’ pre-Massoretic canon implies that the LXX accurately preserved Jewish tradition by placing Daniel within the prophetic canon. Discoveries are re cent; many tablets have yet to be translated. Babylonian bias the Hebrew of Daniel is like that of the post-exilic prophets, Greek (! cognates in Daniel prove that the book came out of the Hellenistic era, likely after Antiochus IV. Jeremiah could be following the religious calendar while Daniel would be on the civil calendar. â€Å"Darius† was not a proper name, but a title much like â€Å"Caesar. † crown prince, Belshazzar =========== Chapter 1, Cooper No post-Persian, Greek -speaking Maccabean forger of Daniel would have used the ancient Hebrew name for the river Tigris in Daniel 10:4. At the time of Cyrus was the last person to record the river as Hiddekel. The writer of Genesis (2:14) is the only other to use that name. IN Daniel 5:2: Belshazzar, whiles he tasted the wine, commanded to bring the golden and silver vessels which his father Nebu had taken out of the temple which was in Jerusalem, that the king and his princes, his wives, and his concubines, might drink therein. Women were allowed to partake of the royal feasts under the Babylonians but never allowed under the Persians. Women were banished. Esther records: none did compel: for so the king had appointed to all the officers of his house, that they should do according to every man’s pleasure. Vashti made a feast for the women. (Esther 1:8-9) . Documented by the Babylonians themselves. Persian wording is proof that Daniel is of the 6th century. In Daniel 3:1, sexagesimally (mathematically), the image of nebu is described on the plain of Dura. Had Daniel written at the time Daniel 8:2, we are told, I was at Shushan in the palace, which is in the province of Elam Shushan belonged to Elam in Babylonian times and even earlier, but not in the 2nd century bc, nor in the preceeding three centuries. after the 6th century was the capital of Susiana. His knowledge of Babylonian culture and affairs. Entirely ignored by critics or are passed over without comment. Held by the Pharisees who set up our Lords trial before the Sanhedrin. They believed it to be genuine bc they charged Jesus with blasphemy bc he applied Daniels prophecy to himself. (Matt 24:15) Matt 27:64 quotes Dan. 7:13 How far the Pharisees of our Lords day were removed in time from the Maccabees who had allegedly forged the Book of Daniel. Simeon, who held in his arms the infant Christ at His dedication in the Temple, was old enough to have spoken to the elders who had actually known Judas Maccabaeus! In retrospect, the government at the time of Jesus was well aware of Daniel and recognized him and his writings as truth. Accepted by the Septuagint Old Testament created around 280 BC proves that Daniel had no clue who Antiochus IV was. This fact is ignored by critics who stand against Daniel calling it a forgery written by Judah Maccabee. Daniel written in both Hebrew and Aramaic, as was the Book of Ezra (in Aramaic from 4:8-6:18 amp; 7:12-26) and a solitary Aramaic verse in Jeremiah (10:11). 10(Interpreters Dictionary of the Bible in Cooper) 6th century BC was the only period in time that both Hebrew and Aramaic were used. ================ Chapter 2 Daniel in the Cuneiform Record Scholars try to solve a problem that does not exist. He did so obeying the God of Israel and not to give any honor to the gods of Babylon. Belshazzar means Bel save the King in Babylonian. Belteshazzar would be gobbledygook. So, Daniels actual given name would match the co-regent at the time Persia conquered Babylon. The co-regent was not even a twinkle in anyones eye when Daniel began as a statesman. YBC3765 and 135 refer to Daniel. One is at Yale Babylonian collection and the second is in the Archaeological Museum of Florence. He is mentioned as Belshazzar, chief officer of the king Amel-Marduk (Evil-Merodach), 560 BC son of Nebuchadnezzar. Daniel does not eappear until tablet 322 when Belshazzar comes on the scene as co-regent of Nebonides (Nebu-naidu). The king is referred to as Bel-sar-usur mar sharri (the crown prince) Conclusion The book of Daniel is indeed a historical book. In it is contained information pertaining to the Babylonian exile as well as their return from exile and future prophecies both far and near. 55It is quite clear that liberal commentators, though they may cite works by Wiseman and Kitchen, are not dissuaded from their unshakeable conviction that Daniel is a second-century-B. C. pseudonymous Vaticinium Ex-Eventu (recording after the fact). Many of the critics are convinced that Daniel indeed was a true prophet with a message both for his generation and for us today. The reason for this seemingly unshakeable belief in an idea that is unsupportable is quite simple. These critics to the veracity of the book of Daniel would rather have faith in the idea that Daniel is simply untrue, rather than to accept the possibility of a supernatural prediction being true. At the same time, conservative scholars are equally unmoved from their position by the historical problems, which they do not regard as insuperable. They welcome the increasing mass of linguistic and archaeological data that help to support an early date. 55 Yamauchi, 21 Bibliography Blasius, Andreas. Antiochus IV Epiphanes and the Ptolemaic Triad: The Three Uprooted Horns in Dan 7:8, 20 and 24 Reconsidered. Journal For The Study Of Judaism: In The Persian Hellenistic amp; Roman Period 37, no. 4 (November 2006): 521-547. Religion and Philosophy Collection, EBSCOhost (accessed December 8, 2012). Cooper, Dr. William R. The Authenticity of the Book of Daniel. Kindle, 2012. Kitchen, K A. The Aramaic of Daniel. In  Notes on Some Problems in the Book of Daniel, edited by D J. Wiseman, 31-79. Carol Stream: The Tyndale Press, 1965. LaSor, William Sanford, David Allan Hubbard, and Frederic William Bush. Old Testament Survey: the Message, Form, and Background of the Old Testament. 2nd ed. Grand Rapids, Mich. : Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1996. Miller, Stephen R. Daniel. Nashville, Tenn. : Broadman amp; Holman Reference, 1994. Mitchell, T C. , and R Joyce. The Musical Instruments in Nebuchadnezzar’s Orchestra. In  Notes on Some Problems in the Book of Daniel, edited by D J. Wiseman, 19-27. Carol Stream: The Tyndale Press, 1965. Shea, William H. â€Å"History and Eschatology in the Book of Daniel.   Journal of the Adventist Theological Society  8, no. 2 (1997): 195-205. Waltke, Bruce K. Date of the Book of Daniel. Bibliotheca Sacra 133, no. 532 (October 1, 1976): 319-329. ATLASerials, Religion Collection, EBSCOhost (accessed December 8, 2012). Wiseman, D. J. , ed. Notes On Some Problems in the Book of Daniel. Edited by D. J. Wiseman. Car ol Stream: Tyndale Press, 1965. Yamauchi, Edwin M. Hermeneutical issues in the book of Daniel. Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society 23, no. 1 (March 1, 1980): 13-21. ATLA Religion Database with ATLASerials, EBSCOhost (accessed November 11, 2012). Yates, Dr. Gary. The Historicity of Daniel. † Lecture, Module 3, Liberty University, Lynchburg, VA, n. d. [ 1 ]. Waltke, Bruce K. 1976. Date of the Book of Daniel. Bibliotheca Sacra 133, no. 532: 319-329. ATLASerials, Religion Collection, EBSCOhost (accessed December 8, 2012). [ 2 ]. Dr. Gary Yates, â€Å"The Historicity of Daniel† (lecture, Module 3, Liberty University, Lynchburg, VA, n. d. ). [ 3 ]. D. J. Wiseman, ed. ,  Notes On Some Problems in the Book of Daniel, ed. D. J. Wiseman (Carol Stream: Tyndale Press, 1965), 14. [ 4 ]. D. J. Wiseman, ed. ,  Notes On Some Problems in the Book of Daniel, ed. D. J. Wiseman (Carol Stream: Tyndale Press, 1965), 10. [ 5 ]. D. J. Wiseman, ed. ,  Notes on Some Problems in the Book of Daniel, ed. D. J. Wiseman (Carol Stream: Tyndale Press, 1965), 10. [ 6 ]. J. Finegan in D. J. Wiseman, ed. ,  Notes on Some Problems in the Book of Daniel, 1965, p 18 [ 7 ]. William H. Shea, â€Å"History and Eschatology in the Book of Daniel,† Journal of the Adventist Theological Society 8, no. 2 (1997): 195-205. [ 8 ]. William Sanford LaSor, David Allan Hubbard, and Frederic William Bush,  Old Testament Survey: the Message, Form, and Background of the Old Testament, 2nd ed. Grand Rapids, Mich. : Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1996), 574. [ 9 ]. Stephen R. Miller, Daniel (Nashville, Tenn. : Broadman Holman Reference, 1994), 28. [ 10 ]. Ibid. [ 11 ]. Daniel 1:3-4 [ 12 ]. K A. Kitchen, The Aramaic of Daniel. In  Notes on Some Problems in the Book of Daniel, edited by D J. Wiseman (Carol Stream: Tyndale Press, 1965), 48-49 [ 13 ]. Ibid. , 49 [ 14 ]. T. C. Mitchell and R. Joyce, â€Å"The Musical Instruments in Nebuchadnezzar’s Orchestra,† In  Notes on Some Problems in the Book of Daniel, edited by D J. Wiseman (Carol Stream: Tyndale Press, 1965) 26-27. 15 ]. Blasius, Andreas. 2006. Antiochus IV Epiphanes and the Ptolemaic Triad: The Three Uprooted Horns in Dan 7:8, 20 and 24 Reconsidered. Journal For The Study Of Judaism: In The Persian Hellenistic Roman Period 37, no. 4: 521-547. Religion and Philosophy Collection, EBSCOhost (accessed December 8, 2012). [ 16 ]. H. H. Hoehner in Edwin M. Yamauchi, 1980. Hermeneutical issues in the book of Daniel. Journal Of The Evangelical Theological Society 23, no. 1: 13-21. ATLA Religion Database with ATLASerials, EBSCOhost (accessed November 11, 2012). ,